Herbal Medicine Journal

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis

Alfi Sapitri — 2026-02-02

Porang tubers, scientifically known as Amorphophallus muelleri Blume, have shown that they possess compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Because of this, researchers are looking closely at porang tubers to see how they can fight bacterial growth. Among the bacteria being investigated are Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as scientists search for new treatments for skin infections. Aim of reserach to assess how effective the antibacterial properties are and to analyze how different levels of extract concentration affect the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The method used for testing involved a paper disc diffusion technique with extract concentrations of 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45%, as well as Clindamycin and 10% DMSO. The findings revealed that the ethanol extract from porang tubers displayed antibacterial effects at concentrations ranging from 5% to 45%, resulting in inhibition zones of 9. 65 mm to 13. 56 mm against Propionibacterium acnes. Additionally, it showed inhibition zones of 9. 95 mm to 16. 07 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis in the same concentration range. According to the One Way Anova test, the results showed a significant difference indicating that varying concentrations of the ethanol extract from porang tubers greatly influenced the growth of both Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ethanol extract of porang tubers begins to show antibacterial effects at a minimum concentration of 5% against both Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with observable differences in the average inhibition zones for each concentration tested.

Karakteristik Jamur Kontaminan Pascapanen pada Beberapa Jenis Umbi – umbian

Rahmiati Rahmiati — 2026-02-02

The quality of tuber crops frequently deteriorates as a result of post-harvest fungal contamination. Fungal contamination of potatoes, sweet potatoes, and taro tubers during post-harvest handling and storage can significantly reduce their economic value and pose potential health risks through the production of mycotoxins. This study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest shelf life of potato, sweet potato, and taro tubers and to identify the fungal species contaminating these commodities. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed using the scratch plate isolation method. Fungal contaminants were characterized based on macroscopic colony morphology and microscopic features. The research procedures included sample preparation, assessment of physical quality changes during storage, fungal isolation, and identification. The results demonstrated that taro tubers maintained the highest physical quality after 14 days of storage, whereas potato tubers exhibited the most pronounced physical deterioration and the highest incidence of fungal contamination. A total of eight fungal isolates with distinct macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were obtained, designated as T1SP1, T1SP2, U1SP1, U1SP2, T2SP1, T2SP2, T3SP1, and T3SP2. These isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Colletotrichum, and Curvularia.

Uji Stabilitas dan Uji Aktivitas Antifungi Sediaan Krim Dari Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R Forst & G. Forst) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Trichophyton rubrum

Agus Rahman Rinaldi — 2026-02-08

Matoa (Pometia pinnata) is one of the endemic plants of Papua that has pharmacological antifungal activity. This study aimed to determine whether the ethyl acetate fraction of Matoa leaves can be formulated into a cream preparation that meets the requirements for stability testing and antifungal activity testing. This study is an experimental study which includes stability testing and antifungal activity testing of the cream preparation made from the Matoa leaf fraction against the growth of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum. The yield of ethanol extract from Matoa leaves was 21.272%, which had organoleptic properties that did not differ among each cream formula. The cream formulas were homogeneous, with no coarse granules observed during homogeneity testing. The pH of the cream preparations was between 4 and 5. The adhesive and spreading power of the cream preparations met the requirements, except for formula F3. The antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate fraction cream preparations against Trichophyton rubrum showed inhibition zones as follows: F1: 18.28 mm, F2: 11.19 mm, and F3: 18.81 mm. All formulas (F1, F2, and F3) met the physical and stability requirements for a good cream preparation, except that the spreading power test for F3 did not meet the criteria for good cream physical properties. The best antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum was observed in formula F3, with an inhibition zone of 18.81 mm, categorized as strong antifungal activity.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Tablet Effervescent dari Ekstrak daun Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthophodium Dc.) dengan Variasi Asam dan Basa

Novrika Desclarita Naibaho — 2026-02-10

Andaliman leaves (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) are a plant that has the potential to be used as a natural ingredient in the development of herbal preparations. Andaliman leaves are known to contain secondary metabolite compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins. This potential encourages the processing of Andaliman leaves into extracts which are then formulated in the form of effervescent tablets to increase practicality of use. This study aims to produce effervescent tablets of Andaliman leaf extract with good physical quality by making three formulas with varying concentrations of acid-base components. Extraction was carried out using 70% ethanol solvent, then an evaluation of the properties of the resulting granules and tablets was carried out. The test results showed that all formulas met the requirements for organoleptic tests, water content, flow time, and compressibility, but in the angle of repose test only F2 met the criteria. Tablet evaluation showed that all formulas met the organoleptic tests, hardness, friability, and dissolution time, while the uniformity and weight tests still showed discrepancies in some formulas. Overall, formula F2 is the best formula because it meets most of the evaluation parameters for granules and tablets, so it has the greatest potential to be developed as an effervescent tablet preparation from andaliman leaf extract.

Penentuan Kadar Total Fenol dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) dengan Metode DPPH

Lampita Bellina Manullang — 2026-02-13

This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera L. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH. assay and expressed as IC₅₀ values. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves contained an average total phenolic content of 69.126 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract. The antioxidant activity test yielded an IC₅₀ value of 92.04 ppm, indicating strong antioxidant activity. The high phenolic content contributed to the extract’s ability to scavenge free radicals. These findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves has potential as a natural antioxidant source.

Analisis Cemaran Bakteri Coliform dan Escherichia coli pada Sampel Sari Tebu yang dijual di Pedagang Kaki Lima

Toberni S Situmorang — 2026-02-14

Sugarcane juice is a beverage extracted from sugarcane that is popular and widely consumed by the public. This condition creates business opportunities, particularly for street vendors. However, processing practices that do not adequately consider hygiene and sanitation aspects can increase the risk of contamination by pathogenic bacteria, especially Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. This study aimed to determine the level of contamination of Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in sugarcane juice sold by street vendors. This research employed a descriptive qualitative design using the spread plate isolation method. Samples were obtained from five street vendors located along the main roads of Tanjung Selamat Subdistrict, Medan Tuntungan District, Medan City. Bacterial contamination testing was conducted using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, which consisted of three stages: presumptive test, confirmatory test, and completed test. The results showed that one out of five sugarcane juice samples tested were detected to contain Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. These findings indicate that one sugarcane juice samples sold by street vendors did not meet food safety standards and may pose potential health risks to consumers. Therefore, improved implementation of hygiene and sanitation practices in the processing and serving of sugarcane juice is necessary.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Tablet Parasetamol dengan Pati Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Sebagai Bahan Pengisi

Hotma sarito Panjaitan — 2026-02-14

Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic–antipyretic drug; however, it exhibits poor flowability and compactibility, requiring suitable excipients in tablet formulation. This study aimed to formulate paracetamol tablets using porang tuber starch (Amorphophallus muelleri) as a filler and to evaluate the effect of its concentration on the physical properties of granules and tablets. Tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method using three concentrations of porang tuber starch: 10 mg (F1), 15 mg (F2), and 20 mg (F3). Granule evaluation showed moisture content ranging from 2.1–3.4%, flow time of 4.8–6.2 seconds, angle of repose of 25.6–30.4°, and compressibility index of 11.2–15.6%, indicating good flow and compressibility properties. Tablet evaluation demonstrated acceptable weight uniformity with deviations < 5%, hardness values of 5.1–7.8 kg, friability of 0.32–0.78%, and disintegration times of 3.4–6.8 minutes. The formulation containing 20 mg of porang tuber starch (F3) exhibited the most optimal characteristics, with the highest tablet hardness (7.8 kg) and the lowest friability (0.32%), while maintaining disintegration time within pharmacopeial limits. Therefore, porang tuber starch shows strong potential as a natural filler in paracetamol tablet formulations.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Inhibitor Enzim Tirosinase Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)

Yohana Simamora — 2026-02-17

Skin aging and hyperpigmentation are closely related to increased oxidative stress and tyrosinase enzyme activity in the melanogenesis process. Utilization of natural ingredients that have antioxidant activity and the ability to inhibit tyrosinase is one potential approach in skin care. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the potential for inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme from ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.). The study was conducted experimentally through the stages of simplicia preparation, extraction using the ultrasonication method, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method, and tyrosinase inhibition test using L-DOPA and kojic acid as a positive control substrate. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of papaya leaves contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and triterpenoids, while saponins were not detected. Antioxidant activity testing showed an increase in free radical inhibition ability along with increasing extract concentration. In addition, the results of the tyrosinase enzyme inhibition test showed that papaya leaf extract was able to significantly suppress enzyme activity. Based on these results, papaya leaf ethanol extract has the potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants and a tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor agent.

Dampak Variasi Genetik terhadap Respon Terapi dan Potensi Hemolisis Anemia dari Penggunaan Primakuin melalui Pendekatan Farmakogenetika

Rahman Sumani Sianu — 2026-02-18

Primaquine is essential for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria but poses hemolysis risk in G6PD-deficient individuals and shows variable therapeutic responses. Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters contribute to these inter-individual variations. To investigate genetic variants in G6PD, SLCO2B1, and MAOA genes that influence primaquine safety and efficacy, and to assess their clinical implications for personalized antimalarial therapy. Method the database used in this study is PhramGKB. Genetic polymorphisms in four candidate genes were analyzed for associations with hemolysis, anemia, therapeutic efficacy, and malaria recurrence. Statistical analyses determined the strength and significance of genotype-phenotype associations. Result G6PD variants rs1050828 and rs1050829 showed strong associations with hemolysis (p<0.01) and anemia (p=0.001). SLCO2B1 variant rs12422149 was associated with reduced chloroquine-primaquine efficacy (p=0.01). MAOA variant rs6323 increased malaria recurrence risk (p=0.03). Conclusion multiple genetic variants significantly impact primaquine safety and efficacy. These findings support pharmacogenetic-guided personalized antimalarial therapy to optimize outcomes and minimize adverse events, contributing to malaria elimination efforts.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Inhibitor Enzim Tirosinase Ekstrak Daun Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis L.)

Runitasari Saragih — 2026-02-18

Sweet orange leaves (Citrus sinensis L.) are a potential source of bioactive compounds that can be developed as natural antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors for the prevention of premature skin aging and hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the ethanol extract of sweet orange leaves. Extraction was carried out using ultrasonic-assisted extraction with 70% ethanol as the solvent. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids, while saponins were not detected. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method at concentrations of 200–500 ppm and showed a concentration-dependent increase in inhibition, with values of 76.46% (200 ppm), 78.61% (300 ppm), 82.32% (400 ppm), and 84.43% (500 ppm), indicating strong antioxidant activity. Tyrosinase inhibition was assessed using L-DOPA as the substrate and demonstrated inhibition percentages of 51.13% and 51.01%, indicating good inhibitory activity. Based on these findings, thethanol extract of sweet orange leaves exhibits promising antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties and may be further developed for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, particularly as natural anti-aging and antihyperpigmentation agents.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Cina (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth). Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus

Hermawan Purba — 2026-02-18

Pathogenic bacteria have negative impacts if exposed to the human body for a certain period of time. It is necessary to inhibit bacterial growth from natural materials because they generally have non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable properties. This study used Chinese betel leaf extract (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) as an antibacterial material against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the phytochemical screening analysis showed that there were secondary metabolites in the extract and simplicia such as tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The antibacterial test pad with the largest concentration variation has a strong and very strong category on the three types of bacteria, namely against Staphylococcus epidermidis (diameter 19.9 mm) at a concentration of 5%, Staphylococcus aureus (diameter 22.92 mm) at a concentration of 7%, Propionibacterium acnes. (diameter 19.63 mm) at a concentration of 7%.

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Albumin Daging Belut (Monopterus albus) Secara In Vivo Terhadap Luka Sayatan pada Mencit Jantan (Mus mucullus L.)

Mahral Effendi Sembiring — 2026-02-19

Incision wounds are tissue injuries that can disrupt skin function and require an optimal healing process. One of the efforts to accelerate wound healing is through the use of natural ingredients rich in protein and albumin, such as eel meat (Monopterus albus). This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effectiveness of eel meat extract on topical incision wound healing in male mice (Mus musculus L.) and to determine the most effective concentration. The study was conducted on 25 male mice divided into five treatment groups: negative control (ointment base), positive control (Betadine ointment), and eel meat extract at doses of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, and 0.5 g. Treatments were applied topically twice daily for 12 days. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Post Hoc test. Eel meat extract was shown to contain albumin protein, which plays a role in accelerating wound healing. Topical application of the extract promoted faster wound closure, with the 0.5 g dose achieving complete closure by day 9, compared to day 12 in the negative control and day 11 in the positive control. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on day 3, but highly significant differences were observed on days 6 and 9 among the treatment groups. Eel meat extract (Monopterus albus) is effective in accelerating incised wound healing in male mice, with the 0.5 g dose showing the most optimal results.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) dengan Metode DPPH

Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak — 2026-02-19

Plants contain antioxidants, are easily found around homes, and offer various health benefits, including starfruit, a member of the Oxalidaceae family. The leaves are the plant part used. Empirically, people use them to treat various ailments, including fever, stomach ache, cough, hypertension, rheumatism, headache, diabetes, and pain. Objective to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) leaves and to determine the strength of this activity based on the IC50 using the DPPH method. This study employed an experimental method, including leaf collection, preparation of crude drugs, characterization, phytochemical screening, extraction, preparation of extracts from starfruit leaves, and testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from starfruit leaves. Examination of the characteristics of the simplicia powder obtained an ethanol-soluble extract content of 29.66%, a water-soluble extract content of 22.66%, a total ash content of 4.0%, an acid-insoluble ash content of 1.83%, and a drying loss of 11.83%. The phytochemical extract screening results contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the antioxidant activity test of starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) leaf extract with an IC₅₀ value of 39.71983 ppm. The results of this study indicate that starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) leaf extract has very strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 39.71983 ppm.

Profil Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Polar dan Non-Polar Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Menggunakan Uji DPPH

Nova Ria Ovelti Sihotang — 2026-02-19

Porang tuber (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is an Indonesian native commodity rich in glucomannan polysaccharides and potentially serves as a natural antioxidant source to counteract free radicals that trigger degenerative diseases. Objective of the researchv to map the antioxidant activity profile of non-polar, semi-polar, and polar extract s of porang tuber and determine the IC50 value using the DPPH method. Porang tuber powder was extracted through multilevel maceration using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry at 517 nm, utilizing Vitamin C and Quercetin as positive controls. Result: The results showed that all extract possessed extremely strong antioxidant activity. The lowest IC₅₀ value was obtained from the ethyl acetate extract at 3.44 ppm, followed by the ethanol extract at 3.61 ppm and the n-hexane extract at 3.81 ppm. The activity of the ethyl acetate extract was stronger than the positive controls, Vitamin C (3.75 ppm) and Quercetin (4.52 ppm). Multilevel extraction is effective in separating the active compounds of porang tuber, with the semi-polar extract (ethyl acetate) exhibiting the most optimal and extremely strong antioxidant potential.

Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Gel dari Fraksi Aktif Daun Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees) Sebagai Pengobatan Luka Diabetes

Gita Afifah Nazara — 2026-02-27

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence and is often accompanied by complications such as diabetic ulcers, which are highly susceptible to infection, particularly by Staphylococcus aureus. Long-term use of antibiotics may lead to bacterial resistance, highlighting the need for alternative therapies based on natural products. Sambiloto leaves (Andrographis paniculata) contain bioactive compounds such as andrographolide, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds with antibacterial activity. A gel formulation was selected due to its ease of application and suitability for topical use on wounds. This study was a laboratory experimental study. Sambiloto leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol, followed by successive fractionation to obtain the aqueous fraction. The aqueous fraction was formulated into gel preparations at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated using the disc diffusion method, with clindamycin gel as a positive control and gel base as a negative control. Physical stability evaluations included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and spreadability. The results showed that the aqueous fraction of sambiloto leaves exhibited the highest antibacterial activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The 75% concentration demonstrated the greatest inhibition zone, although it was still lower than that of clindamycin. All gel formulations met the physical stability parameters and have potential to be developed as topical antibacterial preparations.